EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

Ancient Egyptian history covers a continuous period of over three thousand years.

Egyptian Civilization was in eastern North Africa concentrated along the middle to lower reaches of the Nile River that reached its greatest extent in the second millennium BC. During this period, called the New Kingdom, it stretched from southern Syria in the north to as far south as Jebel Barkal, located at the Fourth Cataract of the Nile in modern-day Sudan. The fluid geographic range of ancient Egypt also included, at different times, areas of the southern Levant, the Eastern Desert and the Red Sea coastline, the Sinai Peninsula, and the oases of the Western desert(1).

About Egypt's history Civilization began around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, and it developed over the next three millennia. It’s history is divided into a series of golden ages, known as Kingdoms that are separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods. After the end of the last golden age, known as the New Kingdom, the civilization of ancient Egypt entered a period of slow, steady decline, during which Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign adversaries. The power of the pharaohs officially ended in 31 BC when the early Roman Empire conquered Egypt and made it a province.(2)

The apparent Egyptian society a high hierarchization grade and dependence, occupying the last range the Pharaoh. The slaves occupied the lowest position in the range. In their majority they came from other countries, captured in the war or sold by merchants specialized in this "product". The slave could be devoted to all type of works, agricultural or domestic, having the authority to sell it, to give it or to rent it.
For above we find the servants; in exchange for a small retribution they carried out all type of works, being considered free people but their gentleman's clerks.
The peasants would be the following social class. Inside this group we distinguish the laborers that worked for the Pharaoh, a temple or a rich farmer in exchange for a miserable wage. The small proprietors should give most from their crops to the State or the temples in quality of tributes, being forced to carry out the necessary public works in exchange for the maintenance.
The artisans are in the intermediate class, inhabiting their majority in the cities. They were also forced to carry out the community works but they could pay to somebody that substituted them.
The members of the administration constituted the elites of the society, although we find a subdivision depending on their positions.

Ancient civilizations, such as ancient Egyptian civilization, developed the first knowledge mechanisms and technologies, which prevailed due to oral traditions. In addition, those ancient inventions have been useful for recent civilizations in order to create new technologies. These tools were made up of wood, rock, animal and human bones, and ivory. In addition, the first numbering systems and astronomic registries also appear during ancient civilizations. Most of ancient traditions have prevailed for more than twenty six centuries.

One of the most important inventions created in ancient Egypt and other ancient civilizations, is the writing, which, since then, have passed through many different organizational and developing processes. It is an effective tool which is useful, basically, for communication. As well as this, another important creation was the Egyptian pyramids, which were built as part of religious traditions and demonstrated their skills on geometry and mechanics. They also invented a calendar which is similar to the one used in the present. In addition, they were very good at mathematics, and even today most of their mathematical processes are still used.

However, probably the most important creation and legacy from ancient civilizations, is the writing. It is known that the first signs of writing were seen in ancient Mesopotamia. However, later in history, during the Egyptian civilization, the writing continued to develop as a tool used, basically by priests and wises, who invented a new and revolutionary writing known as hieroglyphs. This new writing was based on different drawings perfectly done on walls. In addition, hieroglyphs changed history because their creation inspired other ancient civilizations to create their own writing systems; they also contributed to the use of new communication systems which helped to transmit their history. New writing systems have been useful, not only as a way of transmitting history, but also as part of educational systems, economy, and many more important uses.

One of the big inventions of the Egyptian culture and that it has remained until the present time, it has been the creation of you dam fluvial. These were created with the purpose of regulating the volume of the waters in the river Nile and this way to have enough irrigable one in the years of drought. At the moment, you dam them they are of great help in all the developed countries. The necessity to have water is of maximum importance for the human subsistence.
The channels of irrigable were also created by this same civilization with the same purpose of taking advantage of to the maximum the little existent water. They are many the countries that use this system for the agriculture for these days.

Another important aspect from ancient Egypt is the religious tradition. They had a very interesting way of understanding life, death and the world; for this reason the created a religion based on nature forces. For instance, they had many different Gods representing every single aspect of human life, nature and death; they had Gods such as Anubis God of the mummification processes. Religion was so important that it played an important part in politics and economy.

all those knowledge mechanisms and technologies invented during ancient civilizations, especially during the ancient Egyptian civilization, are very useful for understanding their traditions and their legacy. In addition, ancient civilizations play an important part in the present because, their writing systems, their religions, their respect for nature and their perspective of the world, help new civilizations to develop new tools and knowledge. With the use of art and language, recent civilizations have the opportunity to study their life and their legacy in order to understand the development of the world.